2023

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    ACTUALIZATION OF CONCEPT “EVIL” IN “A SONG OF ICE AND FIRE” BY GEORGE R. R. MARTIN
    (Lingva, 2023) Badalyan Lilit ; Stepanyan Meline
    The paper aims to study the concept “Evil” in the book series “A Song of Ice and Fire” by George R.R. Martin. Linguo-stylistic analysis of the selected examples has been conducted, focusing on different manifestations of evil as symbolized by various characters. The extracted examples from the book series are discussed with a special emphasis on the nouns, verbs and adjectives, as well as stylistic devices that manifest evil in figurative ways.
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    «BROT/ՀԱՑ» ՍՆՆԴԱՆՈՒՆՈՎ ԴԱՐՁՎԱԾՔՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՄԵՄԱՏՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԳԵՐՄԱՆԵՐԵՆՈՒՄ ԵՎ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆՈՒՄ
    (Lingva, 2023) Papoyan Siranush ; Ghazaryan Eliza
    The article is devoted to the study of phraseological units with the component "bread" in German and Armenian. The comparison shows that the component "bread" in the phraseological units of both languages displays many connotative meanings, both implicitly and explicitly. In both languages, "bread" is considered primarily a means of subsistence and is associated with a good or a bad financial condition or status a person. But in both languages, the meanings of phraseological units basically do not coincide, and this is due to geographical distance, different mentality, including linguistic mentality and different world perceptions of these peoples.
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    IDEOLOGEME “WAR” AS A PART OF MACRO-IDEOLOGEME ARTSAKH IN MEDIA TEXTS DURING 44-DAY-WAR IN ARTSAKH
    (Lingva, 2023) Sarkisyan Lusine
    The article is devoted to the explanation of concepts “ideologeme” and “macro-ideologeme” in media texts. The aim of this study is to identify their main functions based on the analysis of English articles during the specified period (from September 27th to 10th November, 2020), where the essence of the ideologeme “war” is defined through the image of the country (Artsakh, as macro-ideologeme).
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    KORPUSBASIERTE EXTRAKTION VON (MEHRWORT-) TERMINOLOGIEKANDIDATEN: EINE STUDIE ANHAND DER JURISTISCHEN FACHSPRACHE DES DEUTSCHEN
    (Lingva, 2023) Tarloyan Astghik ; Elbakidze Tamar ; Lipateliani Maia ; Osepashvili Nino ; Hovsepyan Hayk ; Khachatryan Gohar ; Dallakyan Meri ; Straube Annika ; Babych Bogdan ; Atayan Vahram
    The paper represents a pilot study on terminology extraction. The main objective of the study is to clarify to what extent the effectiveness of automated terminology extraction can be improved based on the keyword identification method as opposed to mere structure-based term extraction. In the project, single- and multi-word terms are extracted from a specialized legal corpus of decisions of the German Federal Court of Justice (BGH). Thereby, two relatively simple procedures for automated terminology extraction are tested. On the one hand, multi-word expressions are identified according to a pure syntactic pattern, and on the other hand, the keywords of the BGH corpus are evaluated as terminological candidates and as a starting point for the identification of multi-word terms. The two methods are compared using precision and recall measures. These are calculated based on matching automatically extracted terminological candidates with manually annotated terms in the BGH corpus that are regarded in the study as the gold standard annotation.
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    LINGUISTIC MANIFESTATIONS OF AGGRESSIVE SPEECH BEHAVIORS OF MALE AND FEMALE POLITICIANS IN TELEVISED DEBATES
    (Lingva, 2023) Marabyan Luiza
    With more women entering politics, it is unclear if they are held to the same standards as their male counterparts or if they must adjust to new voter expectations. According to the Language Expectancy Theory, women are less successful than men in persuasion through verbal aggression because they are thought to go against social norms on acceptable behavior while men’s aggressive behavior is not perceived negatively. It is assumed that people form expectations about linguistic actions (language as a tool for communication) that ultimately influence their acceptance or rejection of persuasive messages. Men and women are expected to behave differently when being verbally aggressive, and those who do not fit these expectations are viewed more negatively than those who adhere to them. This research looks at two political debates to analyze aggressive speech behaviors of male and female politicians held on 19th February 2020 in Las Vegas and 15th October 2019 in Ohio . The study examines the linguistic manifestations of aggressive speech behaviors of male and female politicians in televised debates, considering the effects of the gender of the speakers. Two democratic presidential debates were used in this research.
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    ON LEXICAL AND ETYMOLOGICAL PECULIARITIES OF WELSH PERSONAL NAMES
    (Lingva, 2023) Harutyunyan Nelly
    The article mainly traces the etymology of Welsh personal names. Welsh derives from Brittonic, the native Celtic language of Britain at the time of the Roman Empire. It has emerged in a recognizable form almost in the VI century, though until the XII century – just like its sister languages Breton, Cornish and Cumbric it can be also considered a Brittonic dialect. The personal name systems of all these sister languages were so similar in the Low Middle Ages that they could be considered more as Brittonic personal names, rather than simply a Welsh phenomenon. Welsh personal names have surely fallen under the influence of political changes. Starting with a mixture of original Celtic and adopted Roman personal names, the Welsh increasingly adopted English names after the conquest. A significant return to native personal names only took place in the XIX century after the Welsh cultural revival.
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    ON TERMINOLOGY OF TYPES OF CHINESE DICTIONARIES
    (Lingva, 2023) Knyazyan Meri
    The paper is devoted to the study of different Chinese terms that denote types of dictionaries/reference books in Chinese. The English word dictionary has several Chinese equivalents, including the archaic term 字书 (zìshū, character book) and modern terms 字典 (zìdiăn, character dictionary), 词典 (cídiăn, word dictionary, or simply dictionary), and 辞典 (cídiăn, lexicon), and the more general term 辞书 (císhū, lexicographical works). Depending on the kind of linguistic units that are selected as its entries, Chinese - foreign dictionaries can be a character dictionary, a word dictionary, or a dictionary of characters and words. A Chinese lexeme can be a monosyllabic morpheme in the form of a single character like 眼 (yǎn, eye), 看 (kàn, look), 不 (bù, no; not) and 了 (le), or a multi-syllabic morpheme consisting of two or more characters, like 葡萄 (pútao, grape) and 巧克力 (qiǎokèlì, chocolate). Unlike conventional dictionaries in which multi-syllabic morphemes are treated as sub-entries, the dictionary of Chinese lexemes 辞位 (cíwèi) that serves the needs of teaching Chinese as a foreign language, treats them on an equal footing as single characters. The sub-entries of 辞位 (cíwèi) dictionary correspond to English words and are composed of a head character or head lexeme plus another character or lexeme. For instance, the sub-entries under 眼 (yǎn, eye) are 眼 光 (yǎnguāng, vision), 眼睛 (yǎnjīng, eye), etc.; and the sub-entries under 葡萄 (pútao, grape) are 葡萄干 (pútaogān, raisin), 葡萄酒 (pútaojiǔ, wine), 葡萄糖 (pútaotang, glucose) and 葡萄牙 (pútaoyá, Portugal).
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    НОВЫЕ ТРЕНДЫ ОТНОШЕНИЙ ПОЛЬЗОВАТЕЛЕЙ СОЦСЕТЕЙ В ЗЕРКАЛЕ ЯЗЫКА
    (Lingva, 2023) Avakova Erika
    The article is devoted to the neologisms borrowed from English which name new realities, trends, a new style of behavior and relationships of people in social media. The paper presents the ways in which these words are formed, the peculiarities of their functioning in Russian and the inclusion of these borrowings in dictionaries.
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    Ա. ՄՈՐԱՎԻԱՅԻ «ՉՈՉԱՐԱ» ԵՎ «ԱՐՀԱՄԱՐՀԱՆՔ» ՎԵՊԵՐԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆ ԵՎ ՌՈՒՍԵՐԵՆ ԹԱՐԳՄԱՆՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԻ ԼԵԶՎԱԿԱՆ ԸՆԴՀԱՆՈՒՐ ԲՆՈՒԹԱԳԻՐԸ ԵՎ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ
    (Lingva, 2023) Ոսկանյան Զարուհի
    The subject of the study of this article is the general linguistic characteristics and features of the Armenian and Russian translations of A. Moravia’s novels “Chochara” and “Contempt”. The novel “Chochara” is characterized by the use of folk words and dialectal forms, proverbs and sayings, phraseological units, as well as neologisms that describe the characters and the situations in which they find themselves in an extremely vivid, accurate, real and convincing manner. Unlike “Chocharа”, the language of the novel “Contempt” is in no way connected with elements of the language of folk speech; the literary language of the novel is distinguished by elements characteristic of bourgeois language and vocabulary. The structure of the novel seems quite complex from a syntactic point of view, but it is presented clearly and simply to the reader. Thus, we can conclude that the armenian translations of two novels of A. Moravian are an important achievement not only for armenian translated literature, but also for the new literary armenian language.
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    ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆԻ ԵՎ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆԻ՝ ԴՐԱՄԱՆԻՇ ԲԱՂԱԴՐԻՉՈՎ ԴԱՐՁՎԱԾՔԱՅԻՆ ՄԻԱՎՈՐՆԵՐԻ ԶՈՒԳԱԴՐԱԿԱՆ ՎԵՐԼՈՒԾՈՒԹՅՈՒՆ
    (Lingva, 2023) Hayrapetyan Ashkhen
    The present article is devoted to the comparision of English and Armenian monetary systems and to the reflection of monetary units in the phraseological units of the contrasted languages. An attempt was made to provide thorough information about the origin of money, the etymology of the currency names in the languages under study and to analyze phrases with the names of monetary units in English and Armenian. The aim of this article is to find the characterisitc features of English and Armenian phrases and their linguo-cultural differences. Such a contrastive-typological approach helps disclose the peculiarities of national mentality and psychology.
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    ԱՆԳԼԵՐԵՆԻ ՍԵՌԻ ՔԵՐԱԿԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԿԱՐԳԸ ՏԱՐԱԺԱՄԱՆԱԿՅԱ ՏԵՍԱՆԿՅՈՒՆԻՑ
    (Lingva, 2023) Aghabekyan Karine ; Karapetyan Astghik
    The paper aims at studying the diachronic development of both the natural and grammatical gender categories of English. To define the historical development of the given phenomenon it is essential to study different approaches towards the gender category. Moreover, the article deals with the evolution stages of grammatical gender in pre-historic period, in particular, in Pre-Indo-European and Proto-Germanic languages. It is noteworthy that the grammatical gender has not been considered as a grammatical category in many languages, and in some of them it is viewed as a semantic category. Thus, the language that possesses natural gender implies that the gender of a noun or a pronoun referring to an animate objects should correspond to their natural gender, whereas their grammatical gender is “artificial or formal”. All the nouns of a language with a grammatical gender, possess the category of gender, still their being of masculine, feminine or neutral gender is almost impossible to identify merely taking into account the meaning of the noun itself.
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    ԱՐԱ ԱԼՈՅԱՆԻ ՊՈԵԶԻԱՅԻ ՊԱՏԿԵՐԱՎՈՐՄԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԿԱՐԳԸ
    (Lingva, 2023) Gevorgyan Lilit
    The paper aims to study the imagery system of the poetry of modern poet, journalist, publicist Ara Aloyan. Since the language of fiction is considered as an important link in the chain of the development of the national language, the study of the individual style of modern authors continues to be one of the main issues in linguistics and stylistics. In the article, we dwell upon one of the positive characteristics of A. Aloyan's poetic speech: figurativeness, as a tool for the writer's personality expression.
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    ԱՐԴԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆԻ ԽՈՍՔԱՅԻՆ ԳՈՐԾՈՒՆԵՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԻՄԱՍՏԱՅԻՆ ԵՆԹԱԴԱՇՏԻ ԲԱՅԵՐԻ ՇԱՐԱԿԱՐԳԱՅԻՆ ԱՌԱՆՁՆԱՀԱՏԿՈՒԹՅՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ
    (Lingva, 2023) Dokhoyan Ruzanna
    The syntagmatic relations of nuclear verbs "to say", "to think", "to feel", "to behave" belonging to the lexico-semantic groups of the verbs of “saying”, “thinking”, “perception” and “behavior” as a subfiled within the semantic field of “Speech activity” in modern Armenian are studied in the article from the perspective of their collocobility. The paper discusses the similarities and differences of their collocobility conditioned by the semantic and syntagmatic principles of grouping of the above-mentioned verbs. Then the valence of the mentioned verbs is examined, as well as the syntagmatic structural types of both nuclear verbs and the ones grouped around the nucleus. The common feaures disclosed by the study testify to the systemic structure of the given subfield.
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    ԳՈՒՆԱՆՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ ԵՎ ԴՐԱՆՑ ԽՈՐՀՐԴԱՆՇԱԿԱՆ ԴԵՐԸ ՀԱՅ ԵՎ ԱՐԱԲ ԼԵԶՎԱՄՇԱԿՈՒՅԹՆԵՐՈՒՄ
    (Lingva, 2023) Ռաֆայելովա Քրիստինե
    Color names play an important role in defining the national characteristics of the linguistic world picture. The symbolic meaning of the same color name can be significantly different not only among different peoples, but also within the same culture. The present paper emphasizes the origin of pure shades found in the nature, the frequency of their use, and also provides a comparative study of phraseological units with color names in Arabic and Armenian.
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    ԴԱՂՍՏԱՆՅԱՆ ԼԵԶՈՒՆԵՐԻ ՀԱՅԵՐԵՆ ԱՆՈՒՆՆԵՐԸ. ԳՈՐԾԱԾՈՒԹՅՈՒՆԸ ԵՎ ԲԱՌԱՐԱՆԱՅԻՆ ՄՇԱԿՈՒՄԸ
    (Lingva, 2023) Gyurjinyan Davit
    In Armenian linguistic literature (monographs, university textbooks and dictionaries) the names of Dagestan languages and dialects are used in more than one variant: ագուլերեն (Aghul), ախվախերեն (Akhvakh), անդիերեն (Andic), ավարերեն (Avar / Avaric), արչիերեն (Archi), բագուլալերեն / բագվալերեն (Bagvalal), բուդուխերեն (Budukh), գոդոբերերեն (Godoberi), գունզիբերեն (Hunzib), դարգիներեն (Dargwa), դիդոյերեն (Dido), թաբասաներեն (Tabasaran), լակերեն (Lak), լեզգիերեն (Lezgian), խինալուղերեն (Khinalug), խվարչիերեն (Khwarsi), կրիզերեն (Kryts), ճամալալ(ին)երեն (Chamalal), տինդի(ն)երեն / տինդալերեն (Tindi), ցեզերեն (Tsez), ուտիերեն (Udi) etc. They were formed mainly with the suffix -երեն (the derivational meaning is “language”), there are also non-suffix borrowed linguonyms. Since the middle of the 20th century most linguonyms have had variants. There are various options: lexical (բեժիտերեն (Bezhta) - կապուչիներեն (Kapucha), դիդոյերեն (Dido) - ցեզերեն (Tsez) etc.), word-formation (գոդոբերի - գոդոբերերեն - գոդոբերիներեն - գոդոբերիերեն (Godoberi) etc.), phonetic-orthographic (գինուխերեն - ղինուխերեն (Hinuq), բոտլիխերեն - բոթլիխերեն (Botlikh), ղայտաղերեն - կայթաղերեն (Kaitag), ծախուրերեն - ցախուրերեն (Tsakhur) etc.). Only two linguonyms - ավարերեն (Avaric) and ռուտուլերեն (Rutul) have no variants. For some linguonyms, word-building clarifications are proposed (կարատայերեն instead of կարատիներեն (Karata)). Recently, suffixal linguonyms have spread in Armenian scientific speech, as a result of which the homonymy of some ethnonyms and linguonyms is erased. Linguistic (specialized) and encyclopedic dictionaries of the Armenian language played a massive role in the regulation and unification of the Armenian names of the Dagestan languages. In the explanatory and spelling dictionaries of the Armenian language, the entry words became linguonyms ավարերեն (Avaric), լակերեն / լաքերեն (Lak), լեզգիերեն (Lezgian), կյուրիներեն (Kura) and ուտիերեն (Udi). The clarification of the names of the Dagestan languages will lead to their unification, contribute to the accuracy of Armenian scientific speech, and also eliminate various obstacles encountered in dictionaries and search engines.
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    ԹԱՐԳՄԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՂՈՐԴԱԿՑԱԿԱՆ ԿԵՐՊԸ (ՅՈՒՐԻ ԼՈՏՄԱՆԻ ՀԱՂՈՐԴԱԿՑՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՏԵՍՈՒԹՅԱՆ ԼՈՒՅՍԻ ՆԵՐՔՈ)
    (Lingva, 2023) Մկրտչյան Մկրտիչ
    This article is an attempt to describe the role of translation in the concept of communication in the works of Juri Lotman, co-founder of the Tartu Moscow Semiotic School. This article attempts not only to show the features of the concept of communication in the works of Juri Lotman, but also to refer to the theories that contributed to the formation of this concept, as well as to emphasize the originality of Lotman's concept of communication, its similarities, and differences in comparing the concepts of communications of Ferdinand de Saussure and Roman Jakobson. The article discusses the communicative models of communication "I-S/He" and "I-I", proposed by Lotman, their features, as well as the possible scope of these communicative models. This article also emphasizes the role of autocommunication in Lotman's communicative model and its possible forms of manifestation. In addition, a separate emphasis is placed on the role of dialogue and translation in Lotman's concept of communication. In particular, it is put forward that communication for Lotman is a kind of translation, a kind of manifestation of translation, which is its integral part.
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    ԿԱՐԼ ԳՈՒԹՑԿՈՎԻ «ՈԳՈՒ ԱՍՊԵՏՆԵՐԸ» ՎԵՊԸ 19-ՐԴ ԴԱՐԻ ԳԵՐՄԱՆԱԿԱՆ ԳՐԱԿԱՆՈՒԹՅԱՆ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ
    (Lingva, 2023) Mkrtchyan Armine
    The article is devoted to the analysis of Karl Gutykow’s novel “Die Ritter vom Geiste”. The focus of the article is to highlight the characteristics of Gutzkow’s narrative technique, namely the technique of juxtaposition and the triggering of the main hero-supporting characters hierarchy. We have highlighted through analysis that this innovative narrative technique has become a reference point for later period novels.
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    ՀԵՏՊԱՏԵՐԱԶՄՅԱՆ ՀԱՄԱԽՏԱՆԻՇԻ ԴՐՍԵՎՈՐՈՒՄԸ ՌԵՄԱՐԿԻ «ԵՐԵՔ ԸՆԿԵՐ» ՎԵՊՈՒՄ
    (Lingva, 2023) Միրզոյան Էմմա
    Any situation that causes anxiety in a person, is characterized as a severe mental state caused by a single or recurring event. It has a powerful negative effect on the human psyche. Such injuries are experienced by soldiers in combat conditions. The post-war syndrome manifests itself as a traumatic condition and is due to the influence of various factors present in a combat situation. The post-war syndrome, in addition to being reflected in professional literature, has become a subject of wide interest in fiction. Erich Maria Remarque is one of those authors who, being a participant in the war, put a piece of the war into all his works, interpreting the nature of the war and its consequences for the fate of the generation that passed through it, with his own personal experience. It is war that gives birth to a lost generation and cripples the souls of people, leading to disappointment. The novel deals with the problems of love and friendship, the problems of war and its consequences, the society of the post-war period. War brings destruction and deprivation, as well as a crisis, both economic and social, all the moral foundations of society are lost. Despair, loss of a loved one, loss of faith in God. At the end of the work, the problem of the emergence of fascism is clearly visible. Throughout his work, Remarque tries to convey to the reader that war has a terrible face. However, this does not allow you to lose your face in this context, but is a trend towards struggle and ascent.